This interaction causes a quark in the neutron to change from down, d, to up, u, in the proton and emits a w particle which then decays into an electron. Radioactivity, nuclear physics from alevel physics tutor. Practice parameters and technical standards are not inflexible rules or requirements of practice and are. Twophoton physics, also called gammagamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. The daughter nucleus can decay by emitting a gamma ray i. The commonly accepted definitions of the gammaray and xray. Slides to iaea nuclear medicine physics handbook iaea human. Geometrical layout of a point source acquisition by a gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole collimator d is the diameter of the holes of the collimator and t is the. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017. National research nuclear university mephi moscow engineering physics. Beta decay a2levellevelrevision, physics, particles. Evaluation of count rate performance crp is an integral component of gamma camera quality assurance and system deadtime.
If a gamma photon scatters within the patients body via compton scatter it will change direction and, therefore, will not hit the detector at a location corresponding to its location of origin. Nuclear medicine physics a handbook for teachers and students. Types of radiation halflife introduction gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body. Gamma rays are high energy, short wavelength photons of electromagnetic radiation.
A level medical physics x rays the x ray tube youtube. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation 33 in order to calculate the energy resolution, fi rst a histogram of the emission spectrum of 7 c s w a s o b t a i n e d a s. Propagation of gammarays extragalactic background light tev gammas are partially absorbed on the way to the earth. Have you ever wondered how a camera is able to focus in order to take photographs. Course syllabus offered by department of physics with effect from semester a 201819 part i course overview. Medical physics this teaching guide provides background material for teachers preparing students for the medical physics option of our alevel physics specification 7408.
The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be incorporated into a variety of molecules in order to target different systems within the body. Physics 432, medical physics syllabus winter 20162017 location. Gamma camera 9mt cp oint s ur e 4 0 8 uci 4quad phantom 4quadrant bar phantom replaces the collimator the image is the shadow of the lead bars on the crystal. Maths tuition for every a level and international a levelcieedexcel module core c1c2c3c4, mechanics m1m2m3m4m5m6, statistics s1s2s3s4s5s6, further pure. Aqa gcse physics p7 radioactivity kerboodle answers. Therefore, modern gamma cameras for medical imaging aim to provide sub millimetric. Alpha and beta decay can produce a daughter nucleus in an excited state. Eanm physics committee, routine quality control recommendations for nuclear medicine instrumentation, eur j nucl med mol imaging, 37 2010 662. Gamma cameras image the radiation from a tracer introduced into the patients body. The gamma camera the gamma camera detects gamma photons that have been emitted by a source inside the patients body. The gamma camera has thus become the most widely used nuclearimaging instrument for clinical applications. Ocr a2 physics course revision with example exam questions. Basic principles of scintillation detectors and gamma camera article pdf available in serbian journal of experimental and clinical research 112.
Analytical and experimental fwhm of a gamma camera. For the best revision experience, use both the notes and the videos at the same time to help you follow along. Acraapm technical standard for nuclear medical physics performance monitoring of gamma cameras preamble this document is an educational tool designed to assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for patients. Ocr alevel physicsfields, particles and frontiers of. The essential physics of medical imaging, jt bushberg, ja seibert, em leidholdt jr, jm boone, 3rd edition, 2012, 680681. A1,a2,a3 are coefficients that depend only on the shape of the pulse. Physics revision site recommended to teachers as a resource by aqa, ocr and edexcel examination boards also recommended by bbc bytesize winner of the iop web awards. Xrays are primarily used to view bones as they absorb more xray intensity than flesh and muscle collimated xrays are passed through the patient onto an xray film. As and alevel physics medical physics teaching guide. This physics textbook is designed to support my personal teaching activities at duke university, in particular teaching its physics 141142, 151152, or 161162 series introductory physics for. A level medical physics nuclear medicine and tracers. The most commonly used tracer is technetium99m, a metastable nuclear isomer chosen for its relatively long halflife of six hours and its ability to be. Gamma camera 4quadrant bar phantom c olimat r extrinsic spatial resolution measurement with 4quad bar pattern planar flood source 10 mci 99mtc or 57co point sources isotope in 0. The camera, geometrical optics from alevel physics tutor.
Radionuclide imaging is the most important application of radioactivity in nuclear medicine. A video lesson on the basic workings of the x ray tube. Below you will find our collection of revision notes and video tutorials. The gamma camera is an imaging technique used to carry out functional scans of the brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys and skeleton. Physics revision site winner of the iop web awards 2010 cyberphysics a physics revision aide for students at ks3 sats, ks4 gcse and ks5 a and as level. City university of hong kong course syllabus offered by. Medical physics department, nottingham university hospitals nuh nhs. Pdf basic principles of scintillation detectors and. Gamma camera imaging of quality assurance in radioactive. It is well known that resolution on a gamma camera varies as a function of distance, scatter and the cameras characteristics collimator type, crystal. Imaging and detectors for medical physics lecture 5. Gamma rays are emitted because the atom is usually in a high energy state after emission of alpha or. Planar scintigraphy used in nuclear medicine imaging emission imaging radioactive. Hybrid gamma camera imaging nottingham eprints university of.
Physics revision gcse and a level physics revision. Physics in nuclear medicine university of michigan. An a level video detailing the use and function of the gamma camera for medical imaging of radio tracers. Atomic physics video 1 on atomic physics which sets out the four quantum. Examples of exam questions at physics a2 level for thermal physics covering edexcel, aqa and ocr material. Basic principles of gamma camera imaging and quality control. A detector such as geiger counter,gamma camera, camera etc then measures the count rate at the part of the body concerned. Define direction of incoming gamma rays entering crystal c. High density devices applied to a gammacamera implementation. Gamma rays are produced in the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei and in the decay of certain subatomic particles. Such assessment of radionuclide distribution is performed by gamma cameras that primarily comprise naitl detectors and the associated electronics described in the previous chapter. Assign topic jan 6 mb 1 intro to radiot herapy radiotherapy workflow jan 9. Electricity, magnetism and optics department of physics. Pdf the development of radiation detectors capable of delivering spatial.
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